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Antoni Dufriche-Desgenettes
Antoni Dufriche-Desgenettes (26 February 1804, Paris – 19 December 1878, Saint-Mandé), baptized ''Antoine Marie Dufriche-Foulaines'', was a French seafaring merchant, poet and amateur phonetician. His father François Nicolas, a brother of René-Nicolas Dufriche Desgenettes, had changed his family name from ''Dufriche-Desgenettes'' to ''Dufriche-Foulaines'' and was a lawyer and political writer; Antoni's mother Antoinette Elisabeth Vassault-Vareille was a translator from English and a publisher-bookseller. After many years at sea, Dufriche worked in the Netherlands as a French teacher for some time. In the late 1850s, he returned to Paris but still frequently travelled abroad, especially to Java. His travels enabled him to collect information about the sounds of many languages and to develop a universal phonetic alphabet. He is best known for the introduction of the term phoneme (in its French form ''phonème'') for an individual sound as an element of a language-specific or universal sound inventory; it is attested in his writings since the early 1860s.〔Joachim Mugdan, "On the Origins of the Term ''Phoneme''", ''Historiographia Linguistica'' 38(2011), 85-110〕〔Joachim Mugdan, "More on the origins of the term ''phonème''", ''Historiographia Linguistica'' 41(2014)〕
In 1860, Dufriche joined the ''Société d'ethnographie orientale et américaine'' (Society for oriental and American ethnography), whose members "were largely linguists and specialists in Asian texts and pre-Columbian codices",〔Martin Staum, "Nature and Nurture in French Ethnography and Anthropology, 1859–1914", ''Journal of the History of Ideas'' 65(2004), 475-495, p. 476〕 and he was among the founders of the Société de Linguistique de Paris (Paris Linguistic Society) in 1864. As an autodidact in linguistics, he remained something of an outsider, however, and it is likely that the term ''phoneme'' survived primarily thanks to its acceptance by Louis Havet,〔John E. Joseph, "Dufriche-Desgenettes and the Birth of the Phoneme", in: Sheila Embleton, John E. Joseph & Hans-Josef Niederehe (eds.), ''The Emergence of the Modern Language Sciences: Studies on the Transition from Historical-Comparative to Structural Linguistics in Honour of E.F.K. Koerner'', Amsterdam & Philadelphia: Benjamins 1999, vol. 1, 55-75〕 although it underwent a number of metamorphoses in the course of half a century until it finally acquired the meaning 'smallest distinctive unit'.〔Joachim Mugdan, "The Origin of the Phoneme: Farewell to a Myth", ''Lingua Posnansiensis'' 28(1985 (1987 )), 137-150 (in: Charles W. Kreidler (ed.), ''Phonology: Critical concepts, Vol. V: The Interface with Morphology and Syntax''. London & New York: Routledge 2001, 4-20 )〕〔Joachim Mugdan, "Die Anfänge der Phonologie" (The Beginnings of Phonology) (German ). In: Peter Schmitter (ed.), ''Sprachtheorien der Neuzeit II: Von der Grammaire de Port-Royal (1660) zur Konstitution moderner linguistischer Disziplinen'' (Geschichte der Sprachtheorie 5). Tübingen: Narr 1996, 247-318〕
A biographical sketch of Dufriche was compiled by E. F. K. Koerner in 1976,〔E() F() K() Koerner, "A Minor Figure in 19th-Century French Linguistics: A. Dufriche-Desgenettes". ''Phonetica'' 33(1976), 222-231 (in E. F. K. Koerner, ''Toward a Historiography of Linguistics: Selected Essays''. Amsterdam: Benjamins 1978, 127-136 )〕 but his date of death〔 and his full first name〔 long remained a mystery.
==References==
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